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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Conditional explain about type of adverbial clause that states a hypothesis or condition, real or imagined. A conditional clause may be introduced by the subordinating conjunction if or another conjunction, such as unless or in case of. That’s the definition of conditional sentence generally. And will be explain in this critical book.
B. The purposes
This critical book report purpose to :
1. Explain the definition of conditional sentence detailly.
2. Expalin the types of conditional sentence so the readers can know and understand
3. To critic two books about conditional sentence
4. Make a conclusion about conditional sentence to add the reader’s knowladge.
C. The Problems
1. Definition of conditional sentence from two books
2. The types of conditional sentence from two books
CHAPTER II
THE CONTENT
1. The definition of Conditional Sentence
Conditional sentence is a type of adverbial clause that states a hypothesis or condition, real or imagined. A conditional clause may be introduced by the subordinating conjunction if or another conjunction, such as unless or in case of.
b. According to Salhany, R
Conditional sentences is discussing factual implication or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form such sentences.
2. The types of Conditional Sentence
a. Undersatnding and using English Grammar book.
Conditional Sentences Type 1, Type 2, Type
ü Conditional Sentence Type 1
Conditional Sentence Type 1
| |||
TYPE
|
IF CLAUSE
|
MAIN CLAUSE
|
MEANING
|
Type 1
|
Simple present
If you work hard, |
Simple present
you succeed. Simple future you will succeed. |
True in the present or possible in future
It’s possible to happen in the future |
We use conditional sentence type 1 to talk about possible situations in the present or future.
Example : *If you leave earlier, you will not be late.
* If you heat water to 100 degrees, it will boil.
ü Conditional Sentence Type 2
Conditional Sentence Type 2
| |||
TYPE
|
IF CLAUSE
|
MAIN CLAUSE
|
MEANING
|
Type 2
|
Simple past
If you worked hard, Past continuous If it were not raining now |
would + simple form
you would succeed. would be + present participle I would be going out for a walk. |
Untrue in the present
Fact: You don’t work hard, so you don’t succeed Fact:It’s raining now, so I’m not going out for a walk. |
Conditional sentence type 2 is used to talk about actions or situations that are not taking place in the present or future, but we can imagine the probable result.
Example : If we didn’t in a big city, we would not have to breathe polluted air everyday.
ü Conditional Sentence Type 3
Conditional Sentence Type 3
| |||
TYPE
|
IF CLAUSE
|
MAIN CLAUSE
|
MEANING
|
Type 3
|
Past perfect
If you had worked hard, Past perfect continuous
If it had not been raining yesterday afternoon,
|
would have + past participle
you would have succeeded. would have been +
present participle
I would have been going out for a walk. |
Untrue in the past
Fact: You didn’t work hard, so you didn’t succeed. Fact: It was raining yesterday afternoon. I was not going out for a walk. |
Conditional sentence type 3 is used to talk about actions or situations that did not take or were not taking place in the past, but we can imagine the probable result.
Example : If you had come to the party last night, oyu would have met my cousin.
b. A Practical English Grammar book.
The Categories of conditional sentence
English conditional sentences can be divided into the two broad classes of factual/predictive and hypothetical (counterfactual), depending on the form of the verb in the condition (protasis). The terms "factual" and "counterfactual" broadly correspond to the linguistic modalities called realis and irrealis.
ü Factual
In these constructions, the condition clause expresses a condition the truth of which is unverified. The verb in the condition clause is in the past tense (with a past tense interpretation) or in the present tense (with a present or future tense interpretation). The result clause can be in the past, present, or future.
Example : -If you heat water to 100 degrees celsius, it boils.
-If you don't eat for a long time, you become hungry.
ü Counterfactual
In these constructions, the condition clause expresses a condition that is known to be false, or presented as unlikely. The result clause contains a conditional verb form consisting of would (orcould, should, might) plus a main verb in the base form (infinitive without to).
The contrary-to-fact present conditional, often referred to as the "second conditional" or "conditional 2", is used to refer to a current state or event that is known to be false or improbable. The pastsubjunctive (or in colloquial English, simply the past tense) must be used:
Example : -If she were at work today, she would know how to deal with this client.
-If I were the king, I could have you thrown in the dungeon.
CRITICS
Both the books explained about conditional sentence with different way. We can see from the first book “Undersatnding and using English Grammar book” the book devided the conditional sentence into three types and make a table in each explanation and make a simple example. They made it with a simply way so the readers can easily understand about conditional sentence itself.
But, the second book devided the conditional sentence into two parts and more difficult to understand even the example nearly same. And also made the readers confused about the explaining. And created a two knowladges about the Conditional Sentence.
The both of books should present the completely to make the readers totally understand.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
CONCLUSION
¬ Conditional sentences are composed by 2 parts
– one that expresses the condition
– one that expresses the consequence
¬ 3 main types of conditional patterns.
– Pattern A : Probable Condition
– Pattern B : Improbable Condition
– Pattern C : Imaginary Condition
¬ Objective
– Construct conditional sentences according to different situations
REFERENCES
Azar B.S. Understanding and Using English Grammer (2nd Ed). NJ : Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1989.
Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1986.
Swan, M. Practical English Usage. Oxford : Oxford Univesity Press; 1980
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